Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces

Michele Cotrufo; Luca Carletti; Adam Overvig; Andrea Alù

doi:10.1186/s43593-025-00116-7

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Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces

eLight Vol. 6, (2026)

Research Article | Updated：2026-03-16

- Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces
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- DOI：10.1186/s43593-025-00116-7
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- Received：20 March 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-10-31，
  
  Accepted：05 November 2025，
  
  Online First：02 February 2026，
  
  Published：2026-12
- Accepted：
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Michele Cotrufo, Luca Carletti, Adam Overvig, et al. Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces[J]. eLight, 2026, 6.
DOI：

Michele Cotrufo, Luca Carletti, Adam Overvig, et al. Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces[J]. eLight, 2026, 6. DOI： 10.1186/s43593-025-00116-7.

摘要

Abstract

Nonlinear metasurfaces have been enabling unprecedented control over light generation and wave mixing

demonstrating enhanced wavefront control

beam shaping and steering of nonlinear light waves. However

the design and operation of nonlinear metasurfaces have been for the most part limited to localized modes

fundamentally limiting the overall nonlinearity enhancement of such devices. Periodic structures supporting extended lattice resonances can realize much larger quality-factor resonances

and hence stronger nonlinearity enhancement

but they are fundamentally limited in their wavefront shaping capabilities

due to their high symmetry. Nonlocal metasurfaces have been recently introduced in linear settings to support highly delocalized resonant modes that can promote very large quality factors

yet without requiring periodicity

hence providing also local control over the wavefront. Here

we extend the powerful features of nonlocal metasurfaces to nonlinear phenomena

experimentally demonstrating nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces that simultaneously support high quality factor modes

and hence strong nonlinearity enhancement

as well as a spatially varying geometric phase tailored over a subwavelength scale. We show how nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces can at the same time enhance light-matter interactions

boosting nonlinear conversion efficiency

and enable precise subwavelength control over the wavefront of the generated light. Using this platform

we demonstrate a silicon metasurface for beam steering of third-harmonic generation in the visible. Our results show control over the polarization and steering angle of the third-harmonic signal

extending the framework of diffractive nonlocal metasurfaces to nonlinear optics

and pave the way for the development of nanoscale nonlinear devices with unparalleled control over the optical properties of generated light.

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references

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