The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor

Jiacheng Tang; Cun-Zheng Ning; Hao Sun; Qiyao Zhang; Xingcan Dai; Zhen Wang

doi:10.1186/s43593-025-00081-1

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The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor

eLight 2025年5卷

Research Article | Updated：2025-04-15

- The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor
- The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor
- Affiliations：
- Author bio：
  
  b ningcunzheng@sztu.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s43593-025-00081-1
  中图分类号：
- 收稿日期：2024-06-29，
  
  修回日期：2025-02-07，
  
  录用日期：2025-02-09，
  
  网络出版日期：2025-03-26，
  
  纸质出版日期：2025-12
- Accepted：
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The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor[J]. eLight, 2025,5.

Jiacheng Tang, Cun-Zheng Ning, Hao Sun, et al. The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor[J]. Elight, 2025, 5.
The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor[J]. eLight, 2025,5. DOI： 10.1186/s43593-025-00081-1.

Jiacheng Tang, Cun-Zheng Ning, Hao Sun, et al. The quadruplon in a monolayer semiconductor[J]. Elight, 2025, 5. DOI： 10.1186/s43593-025-00081-1.

摘要

Abstract

The ultimate goal of understanding the structure of matter has spurred a constant search for composite particles

especially high-order correlated entities for nearly all forms of matter

from elementary particles

nuclei

and cold atoms

to condensed matter. So far

composite particles involving two or three constituent particles and their weak-coupling combinations have been experimentally studied

such as the Cooper pairs

excitons

trions

and bi-excitons in condensed matter physics

or diquarks

mesons

and di-mesons in quantum chromodynamics. Although genuine four-particle correlated entities have long been theorized in various materials

alternatively known as quadruplons (Rausch and Potthoff in New J. Phys. 18

2016)

quadrons (Quang et al. in Physica B 602

2021)

or quartets (Jiang et al. in Phys. Rev. B 95

2017)

the only closely related experimental evidence is the tetraquark observation at CERN (LHCb in Nat. Phys. 18

751–754

2022). In this article

we present for the first time the experimental evidence for the existence of a four-body entity in condensed matter

the quadruplon

involving two electrons and two holes in a monolayer of Molybdenum Ditelluride. Using the optical pump–probe technique

we discovered a series of new spectral features in addition to those of excitons and trions. Furthermore

we found that all these spectral features could be reproduced theoretically using transitions between the two-body and four-body complexes based on the Bethe–Salpeter equation. Interestingly

we found that the fourth-order irreducible cluster is necessary and sufficient for the new spectral features by using the corresponding cluster expansion technique. Thus

our experimental results combined with theoretical explanation provide strong evidence for the existence of a genuine four-particle entity

the quadruplon. In contrast to a bi-exciton which consists of two weakly interacting excitons

a quadruplon involves tightly bound four-particle entity without the presence of well-defined excitons. Our results could impact the understanding of the structure of materials in a wide range of physical systems and potentially lead to new photonic applications based on quadruplons.

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references

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